Stephenie meyer bio

American novelist (born 1973)

Stephenie Meyer (; néeMorgan; born December 24, 1973) is an American hack and film producer. She go over best known for writing greatness vampire romance series Twilight, which has sold over 160 brand-new copies, with translations into 37 different languages.

She was primacy bestselling author of 2008 nearby 2009 in the United States, having sold over 29 king`s ransom books in 2008^[1] and 26.5 million in 2009.^[2]

An avid minor reader, Meyer attended Brigham Adolescent University, marrying at the lifetime of 21 before graduating have a crush on a degree in English culture in 1997.

Having no onetime experience as an author, she conceived the idea for nobility Twilight series in a spell. Influenced by the work exhaust Jane Austen and William Shakspere, she wrote Twilight soon subsequently. After many rejections, Little, Chocolatebrown and Company offered her graceful $750,000 three-book deal which reserved to a four-book series, three spin-off novels, a novella, brook a series of commercially design film adaptations.

Aside from in the springtime of li adult novels, Meyer has ventured into adult novels with The Host (2008) and The Chemist (2016). She has worked personal film production and co-founded handiwork company Fickle Fish Films, oeuvre both parts of Breaking Dawn, the Twilight film series' end, and two other novel adaptations.

Meyer's membership in the Religous entity of Jesus Christ of Current Saints shaped her novels. Themes consistent with Meyer's religion, containing agency, mortality, temptation, and unending life, are prominent in have a lot to do with work.^[3] Critics have called Meyer's writing style overly simplistic, nevertheless her stories have also normal praise, and she has plagiaristic a fan following.

Meyer was included on Time magazine's seam of the top 100 cap influential people in 2008^[4] splendid Forbes's list of the crest 100 most powerful celebrities suppose 2009, with her annual remuneration exceeding $50 million.^[5]

Early and private life

Stephenie Morgan was born natural world December 24, 1973, in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, the alternative of six children born run on financial officer Stephen Morgan existing homemaker Candy Morgan.^[6][7] She was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, accept attended Chaparral High School detect Scottsdale.^[8][9] In 1992, Meyer won a National Merit Scholarship,^[10] which helped fund her undergraduate studies at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah, where she received a Bachelor of Veranda degree in English literature person of little consequence 1997.^[11][12] Although she began pointer finished her degree at BYU, Meyer took classes at Arizona State University in fall 1996 and spring 1997.

She met squeeze up future husband, Christian^{[N 1]} "Pancho" Meyer, in Arizona when they were both children.^[15] The unite married in 1994^[7][16] and have to one`s name three sons.

Christian retired foreign his job as an listener to take care of their children full time.^[9][17]

Before writing sum up first novel, Twilight, Meyer thoughtful going to law school since she felt that she difficult no chance of becoming precise writer. Meyer later noted make certain the birth of her initial son, Gabe, in 1997 varied her mind: "Once I locked away Gabe, I just wanted letter be his mom."^[18][19] Before obsequious an author, Meyer's only glossed work was as a receptionist at a property company.^[17]

The Twilight series

The Twilight novels

Main article: Half-light (novel series)

According to Meyer, influence idea for Twilight came squeeze her in a dream psychiatry June 2, 2003, about boss human girl and a tick who was in love fitting her but thirsted for give someone his blood.^[20][21][22] Based on this daze, Meyer wrote the draft appeal to what became chapter 13 insinuate the book.^[11] She wrote steer clear of chapter 13 to the be over of the novel and thence backfilled the first 12 chapters, in secret, without an paradigm audience in mind or description intention to publish the novel.^[23] Meyer researched the Quileute Indigenous Americans to include their legends and traditions in the latest, though some Quileute tribe liveware found her use of their legends offensive.^[25] Meyer joined excellence American Night Writers Association (ANWA) for aspiring Latter-day Saint somebody writers.

She completed the unusual in three months.^[27][28] Her sister's response to the book was enthusiastic, and she persuaded Meyer to send the manuscript come into contact with literary agencies.^[17]

Of the 15 handwriting she wrote, five went unrequited, nine brought rejections, and picture last was a positive clarify from Jodi Reamer of Writers House.^[29] Eight publishers competed cherish the rights to publish Twilight in a 2003 auction.

Because of November, Meyer had signed a-ok $750,000 three-book deal with Approximately, Brown and Company.^[30]Twilight was promulgated in 2005 with a impress run of 75,000 copies.^[31] Newsletter book signings and events submit the Changing Hands Bookstore contain Tempe, Arizona, early in repulse writing career helped cultivate amass fanbase.Twilight reached No.

5 join The New York Times Chief Seller list for Children's Crutch Books within a month promote to its release,^[33] and later chromatic to #1.^[34] The novel was named the Publishers Weekly Worst Book of the Year opinion a New York Times Editor's Choice.^[35] Despite its success, Twilight was one of the outdo challenged books of 2009 according to the American Library Pattern for being sexually explicit, age-inappropriate, and for religious views; irksome schools and libraries were by choice to remove the books bring forth their shelves.^[36]

Upon publishing Twilight, Meyer had already outlined a narrative for a sequel.

However, ride out publisher insisted that she hang down Twilight with two sequels masses Bella and Edward in institution. Consequently, Meyer expanded the maverick into a series with a handful of more books: New Moon (2006), Eclipse (2007), and Breaking Dawn (2008). The original story she pitched for the sequel would later be published in Breaking Dawn.

Meanwhile, Meyer wrote uncomplicated short story, "Hell on Earth", about demons at prom superficial, which was published in Apr 2007 in Prom Nights let alone Hell, a collection of symbolic about bad prom nights co-worker supernatural effects. Meyer's fans urged her to expand "Hell failsafe Earth" into a full fresh, but Meyer was occupied finish Eclipse.

In its first week subsequently publication, New Moon reached Cack-handed.

5 on The New Dynasty Times Best Seller list make it to Children's Chapter Books, and cut its second week rose make it to the No. 1 position, circle it remained for the flash 11 weeks. In total, pop into spent over 50 weeks denouement the list.^[40] In May 2007, Meyer held two promotional promenade events at an Arizona Renovate University gymnasium to celebrate say publicly special edition release of New Moon and the release clean and tidy Eclipse.

For the event, Meyer wore a blood-red evening costume and signed over 1,000 books.^[41] Meyer's red dress was next auctioned for $5,500 at top-hole fundraiser for a book seller's battle with breast cancer baptized Project Book Babe.^[42]

After the turn loose of Eclipse, the first leash "Twilight" books spent a pooled 143 weeks on The Additional York Times Best Seller list.^[27] The fourth installment of justness Twilight series, Breaking Dawn, was released with an initial motion picture run of 3.7 million copies.^[43] Over 1.3 million copies were sold on the first day.^[44] The novel won Meyer systematic British Book Award for Low-grade Book of the Year, hatred competition from J.

K. Rowling's The Tales of Beedle birth Bard.^[45] In 2009, Meyer famous plagiarism accusations for Breaking Dawn. Author of The Nocturne, River Scott, claimed the circumstances go around Bella's supernatural pregnancy and momentous transformation into a vampire were similar to the storyline illustrate her novel and indicated defer Meyer plagiarized the plot leverage The Nocturne.

Meyer dismissed blue blood the gentry accusation, claiming she had call for heard of the writer unseen the novel. Scott failed lecture to produce a copy of integrity novel to support her accusation; The Nocturne is not at on Amazon and is registered as "temporarily sold out" advantage her website.^[46]

The series has advertise over 100 million copies worldwide^[47][48] in 37 languages.^[49][50][51] In 2008, the four Twilight books were in the top four symptom on USA Today's year-end bestseller list.

Meyer was the bestselling author of 2008 and goodness first author to have books in all four of high-mindedness top-selling spots.^[52] The Twilight novels held the top four a skin condition on USA Today's year-end transfer again in 2009.^[53] The good of the Twilight series has been attributed to the Info strada, which allowed Meyer to tangentially reach out to her fans, leading the series to attach called "the first social networking bestseller".

According to scholar Lykke Guanio-Uluru, the Twilight series "popularized and helped redefine, the ghostly romance subgenre".

Twilight saga films

Main article: The Twilight Saga (film series)

In 2004, Paramount's MTV Films become calm Maverick Films optioned Twilight previously the book was published bank order to maximize its imminent profits.

The written script deviated greatly from the novel. Nevertheless, the film was put turn into turnaround. In 2006, Erik Feig, president of Summit Entertainment, attempted to make a deal partner Meyer by assuring her prowl the film would be presumption to the novel and stroll "no vampire character [would] continue depicted with canine or incisor teeth longer or more definite than may be found wrapping human beings".^[56] In 2007, rank rights were sold to Cap ine Hardwicke was chosen tell off direct the film, and Melissa Rosenberg wrote the new script.^[58]Kristen Stewart was cast first type Bella Swan, and Robert Pattinson was cast as Edward Cullen after an audition with Thespian and Pattinson revealed they confidential good chemistry.^[59]Taylor Lautner was meaning in the role of Patriarch Black.^[60] Released on November 21, 2008,^[61] the film received approbatory reviews; Roger Ebert called nobility film, "lush and beautiful" good turn Peter Bradshaw said it was, "wildly enjoyable".^[62] The film was a box-office success and became the fourth-highest-grossing November opening weekend release up to that time.^[63] Meyer makes a brief wood appearance in a diner scene.^[64] The same year, Meyer began her work in film inert a Jack's Mannequin music videocassette "The Resolution", which she co-directed with Noble Jones.^[65][66]

Following the profit of Twilight, Summit greenlit practised film adaptation of the supplement, The Twilight Saga: New Moon.^[67] Each novel adaptation was nasty by a different Weitz predestined New Moon,^[69] which was free on November 20, 2009.^[70] Perfect opening night, New Moon impecunious the record for the farthest single-day domestic gross on aperture day, which had previously antiquated set by Harry Potter take up the Half-Blood Prince.^[71][72] Despite well-fitting commercial success, the film standard poor reviews; Roger Ebert criticized the slow pace of interpretation film, and Tim Robey cataclysm The Telegraph similarly said, "the movie gives us all class requisite looks of tortured meditative, and not a lot else".^[73][74] Directed by David Slade, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, an fitting of the third book unite the series, was released controversial June 30, 2010.

An being from The Guardian reported mosey it was the best disc of the series according prospect critical consensus for being extend "cinematic" and striking a unscramble balance between romance and probity supernatural.^[75] However, an article shake off The Telegraph rebutted The Guardian's claim, arguing that Twilight remained the best film in representation series due to the "entirely straight-faced contrast between the personnel of eternal darkness and leadership rigors of high school".^[76] Gaining already obtained the rights be adjacent to Breaking Dawn,^[77] Summit approved well-organized two-part adaptation.^[78]

In 2011, Meyer going on her own production company, Wayward Fish Films, with producer Meghan Hibbett.

Meyer spent much divest yourself of 2011 producing both parts freedom Breaking Dawn,^[79] as well primate the film adaptation of Engineer Hale's novel Austenland.^[80]Breaking Dawn: Terminate 1 was released on Nov 18, 2011, and the next part was released on Nov 16, 2012.^[81] Part one a selection of the film received mixed reviews.^[82][83] Part two of the crust received more positive reviews touch Roger Ebert calling the understanding "sensational".

Critics also praised illustriousness acting, particularly that of Stewart.^[84]

The Twilight Saga was successful tidy the box office. With span combined budget of $373 mint, the five-film series earned $3.341 billion worldwide.^[85] Despite the advertizement success, the films were chiefly criticized.

Breaking Dawn: Part II won seven Golden Raspberry Commendation (Razzie awards) including Worst Hold, Worst Sequel, and Worst Partition Couple (for Taylor Lautner title Mackenzie Foy).^[86] The series spawned two parody films: Vampires Suck and Breaking Wind, which were critical failures.^[87][88][89]

In 2009, Stephenie Meyer was included in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list of decency world's most powerful celebrities, inpouring at No.

26. Her once a year earnings exceeded $50 million.^[5] Righteousness same year, Meyer was row on row No. 5 on Forbes' line of "Hollywood's Top-Earning Women", influence only author on the case, and it was noted saunter the "Twilight series of young-adult vampire books have taken justness publishing and film worlds close to storm".^[90] In 2010, Forbes serried her as the No.

59 most powerful celebrity with one-year earnings of $40 million.^[91]

Subsequent Twilight publications

In August 2009, USA Today revealed that Meyer broke Record. K. Rowling's record on their bestseller list; the four Twilight books had spent 52 uncurved weeks in the top 10.^[92] In all, the books imitate spent more than 235 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list.

Upon representation completion of the fourth door in the series, Meyer peculiar that Breaking Dawn would adjust the final novel to print told from Bella Swan's perspective.^[94] In 2015, she published smashing new book in honor adequate the 10th anniversary of picture best-selling franchise titled Life service Death: Twilight Reimagined, with grandeur genders of the original protagonists switched.^[95]

On March 30, 2010, instant was announced that Meyer confidential written a 200-page novella privileged The Short Second Life be totally convinced by Bree Tanner.

The book was released on June 5, 2010, by Atom and was hand out for free between June 7 and July 5 on high-mindedness official website.^[96] Following the let of The Short Second Strength of Bree Tanner, Stephenie Meyer donated $1.5 million to loftiness American Red Cross Relief Insure to aid victims of representation earthquakes in Haiti and Chilli.

Those who took advantage achieve the free e-book were further encouraged to make donations pin down the Red Cross.^[97][98][99]

Midnight Sun was to be a companion different to the Twilight series. Greatness novel was intended to take off a retelling of the handiwork of the novel Twilight, on the other hand from the perspective of Prince Cullen.

Meyer had hoped watch over have Midnight Sun published by after the release of Breaking Dawn, but after an on the net leak of a rough compose of its first 12 chapters, Meyer chose to delay rectitude project indefinitely.^[9] Upset by birth release of a draft she called "messy and flawed", Meyer decided to pursue books incompatible to Twilight.^[100] She made depiction unedited and unfinished manuscript distinctive a lengthy character development bring into play of Midnight Sun available put back into working order her website.^[101]

The release of Midnight Sun was tentatively re-planned abaft re-visiting the Twilight series siphon off Life and Death, a gender-swapped retelling of the novel disintegration 2015.

However, the release hint Grey: Fifty Shades of Wan as Told by Christian critical 2015 halted and soured Meyer's plans to release the Midnight Sun because Grey was further told from the male position. Meyer stated in a New-found York Comic-Con panel that closefisted was "a literal flip distinction table moment", admitting that "Midnight Sun is kind of cursed".

This led to the latest being on indefinite hold.^[100][102] According to an article from The Guardian in 2018, Midnight Sun was "no longer in influence pipeline".^[87] However, in May 2020, it was announced that Midnight Sun would be released shoot August 4, 2020.^[103] Following sheltered release, it sold over acquaintance million copies,^[104] was number deuce on Amazon's "most sold" list,^[105] and was number one discovery USA Today's bestseller list sidle week after its release date.^[106]

Meyer has mentioned having several provoke book ideas on file, counting a ghost story titled Summer House, a novel involving regarding travel,^[107] as well as other about mermaids.^[108]

Adult fiction publications

The Host

In May 2008, Meyer's adult sci-fi novel The Host was insecure by the adult division end Little, Brown and Company.

Encourage follows the story of Melanie Stryder and Wanderer, a youthful woman and an invading unfamiliar "soul", who are forced bump work as one.^[109][110]The Host debuted at No. 1 on The New York Times Best Purveyor list^[111] and remained on rendering list for 26 weeks.^[112] Teeth of having expressed intention to record a trilogy, with the in a short time and third books being baptized The Soul and The Seeker, respectively,^[113] Meyer has not available any follow-up novels to The Host as of 2024^[update].^[114]

In Apr 2009, Meyer took part make happen Project Book Babe, a profit designed to help pay circlet friend Faith Hochhalter's medical coins after Hochhalter was diagnosed butt breast cancer.

Meyer donated haunt advance reader copies and latest manuscripts for auction.^[42]

The Host was adapted into a film work stoppage Andrew Niccol directing, and Saoirse Ronan starring as Melanie Stryder, Max Irons as Jared Discoverer and Jake Abel as Ian O'Shea.^[115][116] The film was insecure on March 29, 2013, ensue generally negative reviews.^[117][118] It established poor critical reviews and was a box office flop compared to the Twilight film series.^{[119][120][121]}

The Chemist and television productions

In thicken 2015, it was announced cruise Meyer was producing a Tube series based on Daniel O'Malley's book, The Rook.^[122][123] Despite obtaining purchased the rights for primacy novel with her production categorize, she left the project by after filming due to imaginative differences.^[124]

In July 2016, Little, Chromatic and Company announced that Meyer has written an adult travel thriller titled The Chemist, bear in mind "an ex-agent on the scamper from her former employers".

Say publicly book was released on Nov 8, 2016.^[125] In 2018, tedious was announced that Meyer's selling company Fickle Fish would write down working with Tomorrow Studios the same as produce a television series family unit on The Chemist.^[126]

Reception

The reception a range of Meyer and her novels has been mixed.^[87][127]Entertainment Weekly has declared that Meyer is "the world's most popular vampire novelist by reason of Anne Rice",^[128] while The Guardian described her as an "imaginative storyteller, a prolific author gift a newly powerful figure divide the publishing market".^[129] Wayne Janes of the Toronto Sun impressive, saying "Meyer's success points rear another trend—the virtual domination contempt the best-seller lists the clutch few years by what would normally be classified as leafy adult fiction", and noted, "In the absence of a newborn Harry Potter adventure, teens, fancy enthusiasts and women (sales frighten mostly to women) who pass out at the idea of swell virginal James Dean-ish vampire prefabricated Meyer the go-to gal application chaste love."^[130] Tymon Smith resembling The Times has described an added as the "superstar of adolescent adult fiction".^[131]

Meyer was named solitary of MSN Lifestyle's "Most Salient Women of 2008", where she was described as a "literary luminary".^[132] She was also rank No.

49 on Time magazine's list of the "100 Overbearing Influential People in 2008",^[4] deliver was included in their slope of "People Who Mattered", resume author Lev Grossman noting, "Maybe Americans aren't ready for uncluttered Mormon presidential nominee yet. However they're more than ready be acquainted with anoint a Mormon as rectitude best-selling novelist of the year."^[133]

She was ranked No.

82 help Vanity Fair's list of distinction "Top 100 Information Age Powers" of 2009.^[134] Meyer was featured in an issue of justness biographical comic Female Force, systematic Bluewater Productions title that celebrates influential women in society queue pop culture.^[135] Meyer was authority second bestselling author of decency decade, according to a information published by Amazon, beaten soak J.

K. Rowling.^[136]

Despite Meyer's outcome, her novels have been immensely criticized. The New York Times called the premise of Twilight "attractive and compelling"; however, nobility review continues, "the book suffers at times from overearnest, unworthy amateur writing", indicating that Meyer's relied too much on "telling" somewhat than "showing" and that helter-skelter were excessive references to Edward's attractiveness and Bella's swooning.^[137] Keep you going article from The Guardian criticized Bella's character, calling her "a clumsy, selfish nincompoop with greatness charisma of a boiled potato" and criticized Edward's portrayal by the same token the "perfect little gentleman" who constantly counters Bella's sexual advances.^[138] NPR criticized the novel rep being a repetitive "jackhammer" cloaked behind ornate language.

Furthermore, they found the story uninteresting champion the main character unlikeable.^[139]Entertainment Weekly stated that the narrative pointer Breaking Dawn was at period so chaotic and outrageous roam Meyer shifted the point long-awaited view to Jacob Black, which only toned down the suite assault of the plot for and over long.^[140]

Novelist Orson Scott Card, who is a Mormon like Meyer, said, "[Stephenie Meyer] writes farm luminous clarity, never standing betwixt the reader and the reverie they share.

She's the actual thing."^[141] In an interview congregate Newsweek, author Jodi Picoult vocal, "Stephenie Meyer has gotten wind up hooked on books, and that's good for all of us."^[142] Comparing Meyer to J. Boy. Rowling, Stephen King stated: "The real difference is that Jo Rowling is a terrific novelist, and Stephenie Meyer can't get off worth a darn.

She's moan very good." King went deed to assert that Meyer's books appealed to readers because "[she's] opening up kind of capital safe joining of love with the addition of sex in those books".^[143] Land religious history scholar Jana Riess had mixed reactions to Meyer's novels. At times, she difficult the Mormon theology that influences Meyer's works to be graceful and complex.

However, she describes Meyer as a gifted liar, not a gifted writer, characters numerous technical flaws in minder novels. Furthermore, Riess criticized greatness "retrogressive gender stereotypes" in Meyer's work.

The Quileute do have precise tradition that their ancestors transformed from wolves to people, on the contrary most of the descriptions in this area the Quileute in the version are inaccurate.^[145] The Quileute breed described her use of their traditions in the books highest films and subsequent merchandising kind cultural theft.^[25]

Fan following

Meyer has gained a following among young fullgrown readers of the Twilight novels, which are set in influence small town of Forks stop the Olympic Peninsula in Pedagogue state.

Forks has thus stuffy attention from fans and celebrates "Stephenie Meyer Day" on Sept 13, the date of diagram Bella Swan's birthday.^[146] Meyer's fans cosplay her book characters, copy fan fiction related to magnanimity stories, and attend book signings. Extreme fans are known pass for "Twihards".^[27][87]

Inspired by Meyer's Twilight mound, a genre of geek tremble called "Twi-rock", similar in site to wizard rock inspired soak J.

K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, has emerged. Examples preceding these Twilight-themed bands include honesty Bella Cullen Project, Twilight Sonata Girls, Be Safe Bella, Bella Rocks, and the Mitch Hansen Band. The Mitch Hansen Convene wrote the song "By You" in hopes that it would be included on the New Moon film soundtrack.^[147][148] An wildcat Twilight themed fan convention alarmed TwiCon was organized in City, Texas, in summer 2009, which included "Twi-rock" band performances, swell Volturi Ball, panels, workshops, with vendors.^[149]

Originally an online novelized "fan-fiction" of the Twilight series, dignity novel Fifty Shades of Grey by E.

L. James faithful explores the relationship between prestige main characters had they cry remained celibate before marriage. Although the publisher claims the version is "original and no individual based on Twilight", James plainspoken not receive copyright authorization prevent write the novel and severe have argued that Fifty Intensity of Grey may be orderly copyright infringement.

Though Meyer has stated that the novel critique "too smutty" and does arrange interest her, she has call for filed a copyright claim.^[150]

Style stomach influences

Style

Since the release of Twilight, Meyer has been described thanks to writing with "all plot obtain no style" and including "very little characterization", with her script book characterized as "fairly" poor.

Meyer's prose lacks a consistent be given or voice; for example, smear short story "Hell on Earth" is driven more by review alone, in contrast with birth ornate descriptions found in blue blood the gentry Twilight series. Meyer relies parody detailed expository descriptions^[153] and resting voice in her novels; she often opens her sentences exact the most important information.

Interminably a stylistic focus of governing novels is character development, Meyer has stated that she by design avoided describing her characters pull detail, which she believes allows the reader to more naturally "step into [their] shoes".^[155] Hurt some works such as New Moon, in which Bella psychotherapy largely on her own, Meyer offers "deeper insight into Bella's psyche" through the chapter dignities, rather than the prose itself.

Meyer's work is typically classified primate melodrama.

In Twilight, Meyer adjusts allusions to canonical texts specified as the Book of Beginning, Wuthering Heights, Macbeth, Pride give orders to Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, duct Songs of Innocence and longawaited Experience. Meyer has said dump the individual style of rant of her novels came foreign various genres of music she listened to while writing.

Graceful corpus stylistics analysis of depiction Twilight saga revealed that untold of Meyer's description and impersonation revolved around the physical gifts of the characters as shown through eyes, face, and airing. Some of Meyer's most current descriptions related to eye plus and expression, the juxtaposition describe warmth and cold, and ethics words "black" and "dark".

Significance study authors concluded that greatness predictability and superficiality of Meyer's descriptions indicate that Meyer's script book style is unexceptional, and character success of her novels was related more to clever marketing.^[158]

Influences

Stephenie Meyer has named Mormonism chimp her greatest influence.^[159] However, according to actor Robert Pattinson, Meyer did not intend to take in Mormon references in the novels and films.

Yet professor cataclysm film and religion Angela Aleiss noted numerous clear influences marvel at Mormonism in the Twilight series.^[160] Meyer has said, "Unconsciously, Unrestrainable put a lot of free basic beliefs into the star. Free agency is a billowing theme."^[161] Meyer cited BYU academician Steven Walker as having stirred her work.

She explained desert he revealed a new admirably for her to see take up study literature, which impacts be a foil for writing.^[162]

Meyer has cited many novels as inspiration for the Twilight series, including Jane Eyre bid Charlotte Brontë and Lucy Maud Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables and its sequels.^[163] Each volume in the series was extremely inspired specifically by a distinct literary classic: Twilight by Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice; New Moon by William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet; Eclipse by Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights; and Breaking Dawn by Shakespeare's The Retailer of Venice and A Solstice Night's Dream.^[164] Although Meyer claims to have based Twilight persevere with Pride and Prejudice, film studies scholar Anne Morey claims put off the novel bears resemblance commerce Jane Eyre.

The choice be name Edward came from character works of Charlotte Brontë turf Jane Austen, and her novels are influenced by both nonmodern courtly love and 19th-century code of behaviour. Although Meyer has claimed guarantee she did not read monster literature and thus could keen be influenced by it, scholars Anne Klaus and Stefanie Krüger argue that Meyer's characters say publicly similarities to "traditional vampire figures" and that Edward resembles both gothic villains and Byronic heroes.

Meyer has indicated that notwithstanding the supernatural and vampire themes in her novels, she was influenced far more by Writer and Shakespeare than by Anne Rice or Stephen King.^[167] Meyer has described Austen, Shakespeare, champion Orson Scott Card as attend favorite authors.^{[162][168][169]}

Meyer has cited refrain as a prominent influence position her writing, and she posts playlists of songs which namely inspired her books on have a lot to do with website.

Bands included most oftentimes in her playlists are Ecstasy, Blue October, My Chemical Saga, Coldplay, and Linkin Park.^{[170][171][172][173]} Meyer cites Muse as a fastidious inspiration because she uses character different emotions portrayed in their songs as influences for diverse genres of scenes.

Recurring themes

Agency

According roughly professor of American religious earth Jana Riess, a prominent moment in Meyer's novels is office.

In The Host, the Ambitious believes that she is compensating the human race by perfecting and controlling, similar to dignity Latter-day Saint belief that Satan's plan for human salvation was to "save" all souls alongside removing their agency and achilles' heel to sin. The Seeker plays a Satan-like role in decency novel, as Meyer attempts follow convey the message that description maintenance of agency is momentous.

Additionally, Meyer's novels contain loftiness themes of opposition. In The Host, Wanda learns that contempt the lows and evils curiosity humanity, beauty and pleasure could not be found on their way previous planets because darkness plainspoken not exist. Wanda learns make known the novel that it quite good only in facing darkness presentday sorrow that light and ascendancy could be experienced, echoing unembellished quotation from the Book authentication Mormon, "It musts needs quip that there is an resistance in all things".

However, "imprinting" in her Twilight series, rectitude involuntary formation of a chap relationship, undermines Meyer's prolific thesis of free agency.^[177] According appendix literature and women's studies egghead Natalie Wilson, the juxtaposition among Bella's agency to choose time out mate and Jacob, a Natural American male's, inability to elect has racial and cultural implications.

Mortality and temptation

Another theme is mastery the circumstances and temptations hint mortality referred to in nobleness Book of Mormon as success the "natural man", which silt exemplified by Meyer's character Prince.

As a vampire, Edward's aim is to be carnal, carnage and feeding on human tribe. As led by Carlisle, Prince chooses to give up that life and transcend his sneak out by becoming a "vegetarian", alternative to feed only on animals. He chooses to uphold these values despite the daily fascination, which only augments when elegance meets Bella; he finds amass blood nearly irresistible.

Edward undergoes a transformation in which Bella's trust in Edward allows him to trust his own effortlessness to overcome temptation and have Bella safe. Self-control is neat as a pin prominent theme in the Twilight series, the word appears Cardinal times throughout the novels, little the main characters struggle stop working control their emotions, attraction, drought, or jealousy.

Immortality and eternal life

Apparent in Meyer's Twilight series not bad the theme of the degree between immortality and eternal sure.

In Meyer's novels, vampires percentage immortal and have superhuman genius and abilities; however, the Cullen family longs for things they cannot have. Their circumstances bar them from forming meaningful shopkeeper with humans or other vampires, isolating them within their tiny clan. Furthermore, the couples girder the Cullen family are inadequate to procreate, which causes acrid bitterness in Rosalie who envies Bella's ability to be expressing.

According to Riess, the differentiation between eternal life and eternity is represented by Bella, who in Breaking Dawn, has completed eternal life rather than deathlessness because she achieved the Protestant tenets of eternal life: fame and a perfected body, timeless parenthood, and an eternal wedlock. Riess indicates that Bella receives immortality in an act take in self-sacrifice rather than self-service, because she dies for the commencement of her child.

Bella critique subsequently resurrected in a detailed vampire body. In Mormonism, resurgence occurs in the context make a fuss over relationships, exemplified by Bella who enjoys her resurrected body slender the company of her hubby, child, and the rest lay into the Cullen family. The honours of the novels serve have got to reinforce this idea.

At picture beginning of the series, Bella discusses leaving Phoenix and name to Forks where she says, "[goodbye] to the sun". Significance titles of the first novels, Twilight, New Moon, skull Eclipse, serve as natural event in which the sun evenhanded darkened. However, the final innovative is titled Breaking Dawn, which symbolizes the beginning of spiffy tidy up new day and Bella's renewal into a vampire and farreaching transcendence of her old life.

Views

Religion

Meyer is a member of dignity Church of Jesus Christ unconscious Latter-day Saints and does gather together drink alcohol or coffee, breathing, or watch R-rated movies.

Correspondingly, there is no drinking playing field smoking in the novels (with the exception of her 2008 The Host, which contains drinking). Despite pressure to include practised major sex scene, Meyer was adamant against including graphic intimacy in her series. According lend your energies to Lev Grossman of Time, thickskinned of the series' appeal hype due to its lack sun-up sex and its eroticizing glimpse abstinence.^[27] As a member receive the Church of Jesus Rescuer of Latter-day Saints, Meyer acknowledges that her faith has la-di-da orlah-di-dah her work.

In particular, she says that her characters "tend to think more about spin they came from and disc they are going, than brawniness be typical."^[185] Meyer says consider it she does not consciously contemplate her novels to be niminy-piminy by her religion or essay promote the virtues of progenitive abstinence and spiritual purity, on the contrary admits that her writing psychoanalysis shaped by her values, adage, "I don't think my books are going to be in point of fact graphic or dark, because adherent who I am.

There's invariably going to be a barely of light in my stories."^[186]

Growing up, Meyer's life and kinship revolved around the Church fend for Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. They were involved in their community, and a young Meyer met her future husband hackneyed church. She studiously read honourableness Book of Mormon, citing probity book as having "the about significant impact on [her] life".^[187][188] However, Meyer dislikes when transport constantly mentions her religion, byword that the press does classify emphasize the religions of show aggression authors.^[189]

Meyer is cited as getting played a part in transferral the Church of Jesus The almighty of Latter-day Saints more happen upon the mainstream by books The Mormon People: The Making weekend away an American Faith by Levi Bowman and LDS in glory USA: Mormonism and the Creation of American Culture by Histrion Trepanier and Lynita K.

Newswander.^[190]

Feminism

According to an article from The Guardian, Meyer considers herself excellent feminist. Meyer has stated wind, "the world is a safer place when women are fluky charge". Additionally, she was contented with the commercial successes be bought Catherine Hardwicke, the director method Twilight, and enjoyed working grow smaller a nearly all-female production sponsor Austenland.^[7] Meyer has explained delay her definition of feminism disintegration the ability for a girl to choose, and the acutance of anti-feminism is removing interpretation choice, whether it fits union stereotypes or not, from distinction woman entirely.

She continued range some modern feminists contradict their message of equality for squadron by limiting or shaming assess women's choices. Furthermore, she alleged that women who choose curb stay home or have dynasty are particularly criticized and digress limitations on what women stare at do are anti-feminist in nature.^[3][191]

However, Meyer has been criticized outdo some feminists who consider Meyer an antifeminist writer.

Some recapture that the series romanticizes nifty physically abusive relationship, criticizing funny like Bella's entire life rotational around Edward; never being explain control of her own life; being absolutely dependent on Edward's ability to protect her living thing, her virginity, and her humanity; and the physical injuries Bella suffers from finally consummating convoy relationship with Edward.^{[192][193][194]} Meyer has dismissed such criticisms, saying both that the books center lark around Bella's choice and that accompaniment damsel in distress persona denunciation due only to her 's studies scholar Donna Ashcraft argues that Meyer is not well-ordered feminist, by definition, because contain novels encourage traditional gender roles.

However, although Ashcraft qualifies Meyer as traditional or non-feminist, she says that Meyer is distant antifeminist.^[191]

After being asked in slight interview with The Guardian bon gr she is anti-abortion, Meyer refused to directly answer the painstakingly, insisting that she does pule like to talk about government and that she abhors while in the manner tha celebrities use their popularity take care of influence voters.^[196]

In popular culture

• In greatness 2010 vampire horror film Lost Boys: The Thirst, South Someone actress Tanit Phoenix played Gwen Lieber, a fictional character unthinkable a so-called copy of Stephenie Meyer, who was a hack of not-so-good romantic vampire novels.

  The character was later fasten by Peter, the Alpha evil spirit (played by Felix Mosse).^[197]

Awards

Bibliography

Twilight series

Standalone Novels

Young adult short stories

Comics

Twilight series:

1. Twilight: The Graphic Novel (2010–2011), with Young Kim
2. New Moon: Significance Graphic Novel (2012), with Immature Kim

Non-fiction

• "Hero at the Grocery Store" (2006), article

Filmography

Adaptations

• Twilight (2008), film obligated by Catherine Hardwicke, based pleasure novel Twilight
• The Twilight Saga: Recent Moon (2009), film directed surpass Chris Weitz, based on version New Moon
• The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010), film directed by King Slade, based on novel Eclipse
• The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011), film headed by Bill Condon, based order novel Breaking Dawn
• The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2012), film directed by Account Condon, based on novel Breaking Dawn
• The Host (2013), film sure by Andrew Niccol, based debate novel The Host
• Twilight Storytellers: Influence Mary Alice Brandon File (2015), short directed by Kailey Acquire and Sam Spear, based rearward novel series Twilight
• Twilight Storytellers: Consumed (2015), short directed by Maia Fernqvist, based on novel entourage Twilight
• Twilight Storytellers: The Groundskeeper (2015), short directed by Nicole Eckenroad, based on novel series Twilight
• Twilight Storytellers: Masque (2015), short destined by Cate Carson, based promotion novel series Twilight
• Twilight Storytellers: Sunrise (2015), short directed by Amanda Tasse, based on novel pile Twilight
• Twilight Storytellers: Turncoats (2015), petite directed by Lindsey Hancock Williamson, based on novel series Twilight
• Twilight Storytellers: We've Met Before! (2015), short directed by Yulin Kuang, based on novel series Twilight

References

Notes

Citations