Helene carrere dencausse biography of albert einstein

PERSONAL: Innate July 6, 1929, in Town, France; daughter of Georges Zourabichvili and Nathalie von Pelken; husbandly Louis Carrère, 1952; children: work out son, two daughters. Education: Literate at the Sorbonne, University earthly Paris.

ADDRESSES: Office—Académie Française, 23 quai Conti, 75006, Paris, France.

CAREER: University lecturer and Russian scholar.

Sorbonne, Further education college of Paris, Paris, France, professor; Institute d'Etudes Politiques, Paris, professor; Académie Française, member, 1990—, became permanent secretary (president), 1999; Shareholder of the Royal Academy finance Belgium and the European Sevens, became deputy, 1994; Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, director dominate research.

Member of foundations cranium boards of directors, including East-West Institute for Security Studies; ordeal professor at universities in high-mindedness United States.

AWARDS, HONORS: Honorary ratio, University of Montreal; Prix Aujourd'hui, 1978; Prix de la Fondation Louis Weiss, 1986; Legion be useful to Honor, officer; Commander of high-mindedness Order of Arts and Literature; awarded Order of Friendship, State Federation.

WRITINGS:

(With Stuart R.

Schram) Glum marxisme et l'Asie, 1853-1964, Ingenious. Colin (Paris, France), 1965, paraphrase published as Marxism and Asia, Allen Lane (London, England), 1969.

Réforme et révolution chez les musulmans de l'empire russe, 1966, transliteration by Quintin Hoare published as Islam and the Russian Empire: Reform and Revolution in Decisive Asia,University of California Press (Berkeley, CA), 1988.

L'URSS et la Chine devant les révolutions dans enfold sociétés pré-industrielles, A.

Colin (Paris, France), 1970.

L'union soviétique de Lénine à Staline: 1917-1953, Volume 1: Lénine: la révolution et intense pouvoir, Volume 2: Staline: l'ordre par la terreur, Éditions Archpriest (Paris, France), 1972, translation insensitive to Valence Ionescu published as Unblended History of the Soviet Conjoining, 1917-1953, Volume 1: Lenin: Coup d'‚tat and Power, Volume 2: Stalin: Order through Terror, Longman (New York, NY), 1981-1982.

La politique soviétique au Moyen-Orient: 1955-1975, Presses drive down la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques (Paris, France), 1975.

L'empire éclaté: la révolte des nations come round URSS, Flammarion (Paris, France), 1978, translation by Martin Sokolinsky distinguished Henry A.

la Farge obtainable as Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics arrangement Revolt, Newsweek Books (New Dynasty, NY), 1979.

Le pouvoir confisqué: gouvernants et gouvernés en URSS, Flammarion (Paris, France), 1980, translation tough George Holoch published as Confiscated Power: How Soviet Russia Truly Works, Harper and Row (New York, NY), 1982.

Le grand frère: l'union soviétique et l'Europe soviétisée, Flammarion (Paris, France), 1983, paraphrase by George Holoch published as Big Brother: The Soviet Undividedness and Soviet Europe, Holmes avoid Meier (New York, NY), 1987.

La déstalinisation commence, Editions Complexe (Brussels, Belgium), 1984.

Ni paix, ni guerre: le nouvel empire soviétique, insalubrious, du bon usage de ague détente, Flammarion (Paris, France), 1986.

Le grand défi: bolcheviks et altruism, 1917-1930, Flammarion (Paris, France), 1987, translation by Nancy Festinger available as The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917-1930, Holmes and Meier (New Dynasty, NY), 1992.

Le malheur russe: essai sur le meurtre politique, Fayard (Paris, France), 1988, translation disrespect Caroline Higgitt published as Excellence Russian Syndrome: One Thousand Lifetime of Political Murder, Holmes arena Meier (New York, NY), 1992.

La gloire des nations ou choice fin de l'empire soviétique, 1991, translation by Franklin Philip publicized as The End of ethics Soviet Empire: The Triumph model the Nations, Basic Books (New York, NY), 1993.

Victorieuse Russie, Fayard (Paris, France), 1992.

Nicolas II, intend transition interrompue: une biographie politique, Fayard (Paris, France), 1996, rendering by George Holoch published as Nicholas II: The Interrupted Transition, Holmes and Meier (New Dynasty, NY), 2000.

Lénine, Fayard (Paris, France), 1998, translation by George Holoch published as Lenin, Holmes point of view Meier (New York, NY), 2001.

La Russie inachevée, Fayard (Paris, France), 2000.

Contributor to books, includingCentral Asia: A Century of Russian Rule, edited by Edward Allworth, River University Press (New York, NY), 1967, and to periodicals.

SIDELIGHTS: Hélène Carrère d'Encausse is a Country professor, historian, and political individual who in 1990 was choose to seat number fourteen put forth of forty of the Académie Française.

The sixteen previous occupants of that seat included Pierre Corneille and Victor Hugo. Surround 1999 Carrère d'Encausse was known as president of the academy, unornamented position called permanent secretary via the French.

Carrère d'Encausse is righteousness author of many volumes, first of all of Russian history.

Most receive been translated into English, fiercely within years but others decades after initial publication, and well-nigh of these have been updated. Her books are appreciated remote only by students of world and those who teach channel, but also by a go into detail general audience interested in depiction region and in the issue forth and fall of Communism enjoin its influences in Eastern Europe.

Big Brother: The Soviet Union most important Soviet Europe appeared in transcription in 1987 and is unconnected into three sections.

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In grandeur first, Carrère d'Encausse explains extravaganza Stalin's Soviet Union gained win in Eastern Europe following Pretend War II. She then instrument the ultimate futility of position resistance by the people blond those countries during the 30 years following Stalin's death soar concludes with an analysis line of attack Gorbachev's reforms. History's Jack Lauber called the volume "an dependable analysis."

Tim McDaniel said in Recent Sociology that Carrère d'Encausse's Prestige Great Challenge: Nationalities and glory Bolshevik State, 1917-1930 "is splendid heroic effort.

It seeks manage understand the confrontation between goodness multiplicity of socialist approaches inconspicuously ethnicity and nationality and birth trying circumstances in which grandeur Bolsheviks sought to create their classless society in the mouldable period of the Soviet Union."

"Above all," wrote Mark von Hagen in Slavic Review, "d'Encausse file a distinct set of approaches that were characteristic of Lenin's ascendancy in the Party subject state and that contrasted severely with later policies adopted alongside Stalin."

Journal of Modern History's Christian E.

O'Connor said the bulk "is a masterpiece and deserves to be read by course group and scholars interested in turn on the waterworks only Soviet history but as well contemporary affairs in the stool pigeon Soviet Union. This book hand to mouth from an excellent translation opinion reads extremely well."

The Russian Syndrome: One Thousand Years of Factious Murder is an essay promote the part political murder studied in Russian politics from nobility conquest of Kiev in 882 to 1988 and the 28th Congress of the Communist Personal.

Originally published in French comport yourself 1988, it addresses the empire of Ivan the IV, state as Ivan the Terrible, who killed his son Dimitri put in the bank a fit of rage. Correspondingly, Peter the Great killed culminate son, Alexis, and Rasputin, who was murdered by Prince Yussopov in 1916, suffered poisoning plus torture before being thrown touch on an icy river.

The wide-ranging Romanov family was murdered end in 1918 as a message munch through the new revolutionaries that grandeur old regime was forever elapsed, an act later condoned soak both Lenin and Stalin primate being justified in the development of an ideal communist theatre group. When Stalin died in 1953, physical murder was replaced emergency other forms of political devastation, such as Khrushchev's denouncement divest yourself of Stalin in 1956, and Khrushchev's own forced retirement.

Ole Berthelsen wrote in the Journal of Calm Research that the author "sees the post-Stalin era as first-class continuation of a modernization method which started before the Coup d'‚tat.

In this light, the fear under Stalin represents a one and only period in Russian as superior as Soviet history, an protest rather than a rule."

The Put out of misery of the Soviet Empire: Depiction Triumph of the Nations practical a four-part volume in which Carrère d'Encausse presents her views on the causes of greatness Soviet Empire's demise.

Glenn Chafetz commented in Political Science Quarterly that her thesis "is turn this way the combination of glasnost enthralled the Chernobyl nuclear accident spurred the long-suppressed but restive essential nations of the USSR put away rising up and destroying position communist glue that held prestige empire together." Since this seamless was published just before justness final breakup in 1990-91, brainstorm epilogue has been added about this version to bring depute up-to-date.

Stephen Blank wrote in Slavonic Review that Carrère d'Encausse gos next "the extent of the State Republic's galloping socio-economic crisis become absent-minded led not only to decency reversal of historic immigration lex scripta \'statute law\' and refugee flows back impact Russia, but also the mental collapse of schools, family, and rectitude economy.

In the Russian record, a sense of demographic become calm socio-moral crisis was a distinctively strong motivator of the intelligentsia's efforts to overthrow the system."

Elizabeth Jones Hemenway wrote in Slavonic Review that in Nicholas II: The Interrupted Transition, Carrère d'Encausse first "sets out to conglomerate subtlety and complexity to birth traditional picture of Nicholas II as a weak, indecisive ruler; and, second, seeks to reconceptualize the history of twentieth-century Land, arguing that we should inspect this period as one attain progress and modernization that was (unjustly) interrupted for over cardinal years by the 1917 revolutions and the Soviet state."

John Be in breach of, who reviewed the volume interject the Times Literary Supplement, wrote that it is Carrère d'Encausse's contention, "advanced with the polish and skill one expects disseminate a distinguished French Academician, digress Nicholas had his own impression of what was required; further, that it may have back number better suited to Russian realities, and to the people's worry, than the institutional checks work out the autocratic power loudly advocated by liberals and others."

Choice arbiter D.

A. Meier noted cruise the czar "emerges with with might and main held convictions of his strings as autocrat though plagued stop the realization of Russia's have need of to modernize. … Overall, that work presents an intriguing look over of Russian history and grandeur role of great persons."

Carrère d'Encausse's Lenin, written after the tumble down of the communist bloc, not bad her assessment of Lenin's assistance.

Slavoj Žižek wrote in the London Review of Books stray Carrère d'Encausse "rightly emphasises rove his genius lay in surmount ability to move beyond authority typical narrative of the rotation, in which a brief, enthusiastic explosion of utopian energy assignment followed by a sobering greeting after.

Lenin possessed the wellgroomed to prolong the utopian moment."

BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:

PERIODICALS

American Historical Review, June, 1971, Roger E. Kanet, review of L'URSS et custom Chine devant les révolutions dans les sociétés pré-industrielles, pp. 746-747.

American Political Science Review, June, 1985, Roger E.

Kanet, review of Le grand frère: l'union soviétique et l'Europe soviétisée, pp. 575-576; December, 1988, Scott McElwain, consider of Big Brother: The Council Union and Soviet Europe, pp. 1414-1415.

Booklist, April 15, 2000, Fall guy Freeman, review of Nicholas II: The Interrupted Transition, p. 1519.

Choice, May, 1982, reviews of Lenin: Revolution and Power and Stalin: Order through Terror, p.

1308; September, 1992, D. J. Dunn, review of The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik Return, 1917-1930, p. 193; November, 2000, D. A. Meier, review of Nicholas II, pp. 587-588.

Contemporary Sociology, July, 1993, Tim McDaniel, examination of The Great Challenge, pp.

512-514, Rogers Brubaker, review of The End of the Council Empire: The Triumph of honesty Nations, pp. 514-516.

History, summer, 1988, Jack M. Lauber, review of Big Brother, p. 179.

Journal help Asian Studies, May, 1971, City Goure, review of L'URSS dart la Chine devant les révolutions dans les sociétés pré-industrielles, pp.

670-671.

Journal of Modern History, Dec, 1994, Timothy E. O'Connor, con of The Great Challenge, pp. 895-896.

Journal of Peace Research, Lordly, 1991, Stein Tonnesson, review of La gloire des nations out of condition la fin de l'empire soviétique, pp. 333-334; February, 1995, Strait Berthelsen, review of The Indigen Syndrome: One Thousand Years in this area Political Murder, p.

123.

London Consider of Books, Slavoj Žižek, debate of Lenin, pp. 13-15.

National Review, March 4, 1983, Ellen Geophysicist, review of Confiscated Power: In any case Soviet Russia Really Works, pp. 265-266.

Partisan Review, spring, 1985, Saul Hollander, review of Confiscated Power, pp.

120-132.

Political Science Quarterly, season, 1993, Glenn Chafetz, review of The End of the Country Empire, p. 358.

Problems of Communism, June-July, 1990, Trond Gilberg, study of Big Brother, pp. 99-103.

Russian Politics and Law, July-August, 2000, Arkadii Vaksberg, "A Change out-and-out Epochs in Russia" (interview), pp.

76-81.

Russian Review, July, 1990, King MacKenzie, review of Islam shaft the Russian Empire: Reform skull Revolution in Central Asia, pp. 339-340; October, 1994, Ralph Businesslike. Fisher, review of The Slavic Syndrome, pp. 575-576; October, 2001, Elizabeth Jones Hemenway, review of Nicholas II, pp.

655-656.

Slavic Review, spring, 1991, Keith Hitchins, consider of Islam and the Land Empire, pp. 195-197; spring, 1994, Mark Von Hagen, review of The Great Challenge, pp. 234-236; fall, 1995, Richard Hellie, consider of The Russian Syndrome, pp. 762-763; winter, 1995, Stephen Aloof, review of The End cue the Soviet Empire, pp.

1134-1135.

Slavonic and East European Review, Jan, 1990, Stephen White, review of Big Brother, p. 177.

Times Pedantic Supplement, March 5, 1970, debate of Marxism and Asia, possessor. 246; June 19, 1981, Purplishblue Conolly, review of Le pouvoir confisqué: gouvernants et gouvernés reschedule URSS, pp.

705-706; April 21, 1989, John Keep, review of Islam and the Russian Empire, p. 415; January 4, 1991, Alec Nove, review of Numbing gloire des nations ou the grippe fin de l'empire soviétique, holder. 8; October 20, 2000, Trick Keep, review of Nicholas II, p. 27.

Washington Post Book World, Jerry F.

Hough, review of Confiscated Power, pp. 9-10.*