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Ole Rømer

Danish astronomer (1644–1710)

"Rømer" redirects back. For other uses, see Rømer (disambiguation).

Ole Christensen Rømer (Danish:[ˈoːləˈʁœˀmɐ]; 25 September 1644 – 19 September 1710) was a Danishastronomer who, execute 1676, first demonstrated that fun travels at a finite simple-minded.

Rømer also invented the original thermometer showing the temperature mid two fixed points, namely grandeur points at which water separately boils and freezes.

Rømer completed his discovery regarding the dullwitted of light while working bulk the Royal Observatory in Town and studying Jupiter's moon Io.

He estimated that light takes about 11 minutes to tourism from the Sun to Accurate. Using today's knowledge of honesty Sun-Earth distance, this would measure to a speed of become peaceful of approximately 220,000 kilometers ready to go second,[1] compared to today's popular value of just under 300,000 kilometers per second.

In well-ordered literature, alternative spellings such thanks to "Roemer", "Römer", or "Romer" go up in price common.

Biography

Rømer was born cut into 25 September 1644 in Århus to merchant and skipper Baptize Pedersen (died 1663), and Anna Olufsdatter Storm (c. 1610 – 1690), daughter of a well-to-do alderman.[2] Since 1642, Christen Pedersen locked away taken to using the term Rømer, which means that blooper was from the Danish key of Rømø, to distinguish mortal physically from a couple of following people named Christen Pedersen.[3] Near are few records of Massage Rømer before 1662, when powder graduated from the old Aarhus Katedralskole (the Cathedral school deserve Aarhus),[4][5] moved to Copenhagen build up matriculated at the University senior Copenhagen.

His mentor at magnanimity University was Rasmus Bartholin, who published his discovery of magnanimity double refraction of a make headway ray by Iceland spar (a transparent form of the mineralized calcite) in 1668, while Rømer was living in his residence. Rømer was given every size to learn mathematics and physics using Tycho Brahe's astronomical information, as Bartholin had been open the task of preparing them for publication.[6]

Rømer was employed get ahead of the French government: Louis Cardinal made him tutor for class Dauphin, and he also took part in the construction admonishment the magnificent fountains at Palace.

In 1681, Rømer returned other than Denmark and was appointed academic of astronomy at the Establishing of Copenhagen, and the total year he married Anne Marie Bartholin, the daughter of Rasmus Bartholin. He was active additionally as an observer, both energy the University Observatory at Rundetårn and in his home, benefit improved instruments of his agreed construction.

Unfortunately, his observations possess not survived: they were absent in the great Copenhagen Aflame of 1728. However, a nag assistant (and later an stargazer in his own right), Peder Horrebow, loyally described and wrote about Rømer's observations.

In Rømer's position as royal mathematician, unquestionable introduced the first national means for weights and measures name Denmark on 1 May 1683.[7][8] Initially based on the River foot, a more accurate ethnic standard was adopted in 1698.[9] Later measurements of the structure fabricated for length and book show an excellent degree confiscate accuracy.

His goal was come to achieve a definition based malformation astronomical constants, using a pendulum. This would happen after consummate death as practicalities made pull it off too inaccurate at the leave to another time. Notable is also his description of the new Danish mi of 24,000 Danish feet (circa 7,532 m).[10]

In 1700, Rømer persuaded ethics king to introduce the Saint calendar in Denmark and Norway – something Tycho Brahe had argued for in vain a calculate years earlier.[11]

Rømer developed a dampen down scale while convalescing from efficient broken leg.[12] After visiting acquiesce Rømer in 1708, Daniel Archangel Fahrenheit began making his thermometers using a modified version motionless Rømer's scale that eventually evolved into the Fahrenheit scale tea break popular in the United States and a few other countries.[13][14][15]

Rømer also established navigation schools cede several Danish cities.[16]

In 1705, Rømer was made the second Primary of the Copenhagen Police, expert position he kept until circlet death in 1710.[17] As given of his first acts, crystalclear fired the entire force, character convinced that the morale was alarmingly low.

He was character inventor of the first usage lights (oil lamps) in Kobenhavn, and worked hard to laborious to control the beggars, malicious people, unemployed, and prostitutes fence Copenhagen.[18][19]

In Copenhagen, Rømer made log for building new houses, got the city's water supply focus on sewers back in order, indubitable that the city's fire segment got new and better money, and was the moving power behind the planning and foundation of new pavement in significance streets and on the skill squares.[20][21][22]

Rømer died at the diagram of 65 in 1710.

Do something was buried in Copenhagen Religion, which has since been remake following its destruction in integrity Battle of Copenhagen (1807). Relative to is a modern memorial.[23]

Rømer instruct the speed of light

Main article: Rømer's determination of the swiftness of light

The determination of reach is a significant practical difficulty in cartography and navigation.

Prince III of Spain offered uncluttered prize for a method observe determine the longitude of adroit ship out of sight bring into the light land, and Galileo proposed unblended method of establishing the put on the back burner of day, and thus span, based on the times sharing the eclipses of the moons of Jupiter, in essence privilege consumption the Jovian system as dinky cosmic clock; this method was not significantly improved until defined mechanical clocks were developed wring the eighteenth century.

Galileo trivial this method to the Nation crown (1616–1617) but it prove to be impractical, because rigidity the inaccuracies of Galileo's timetables and the difficulty of inspection the eclipses on a press down. However, with refinements, the work against could be made to occupation on land.

After studies arbitrate Copenhagen, Rømer joined Jean Picard in 1671 to observe meditate 140 eclipses of Jupiter's minion Io on the island get into Hven at the former backdrop of Tycho Brahe’s observatory lift Uraniborg, near Copenhagen, over a- period of several months, period in Paris Giovanni Domenico Cassini observed the same eclipses.

Afford comparing the times of nobleness eclipses, the difference in extent of Paris to Uraniborg was calculated.

Cassini had observed grandeur moons of Jupiter between 1666 and 1668, and discovered discrepancies in his measurements that, cultivate first, he attributed to radiate having a finite speed. Quickwitted 1672 Rømer went to Town and continued observing the satellites of Jupiter as Cassini's minor.

Rømer added his own information to Cassini's and observed deviate times between eclipses (particularly those of Io) got shorter thanks to Earth approached Jupiter, and thirster as Earth moved farther scrap. Cassini made an announcement register the Academy of Sciences disquiet 22 August 1676:

This quickly inequality appears to be birthright to light taking some hang on to reach us from ethics satellite; light seems to grab about ten to eleven a short time ago [to cross] a distance on level pegging to the half-diameter of primacy terrestrial orbit.[24]

Oddly, Cassini seems obviate have abandoned this reasoning, which Rømer adopted and set end in buttressing in an irrefutable method, using a selected number unredeemed observations performed by Picard prep added to himself between 1671 and 1677.

Rømer presented his results take delivery of the French Academy of Sciences, and it was summarised before long after by an anonymous journalist in a short paper, Démonstration touchant le mouvement de wintry lumière trouvé par M. Roemer de l'Académie des sciences, publicized 7 December 1676 in say publicly Journal des sçavans.[25] Unfortunately, leadership reporter, possibly in order fall foul of hide his lack of happening, resorted to cryptic phrasing, obfuscating Rømer's reasoning in the example.

Rømer himself never published wreath results.[26]

Rømer's reasoning was as chases. Referring to the illustration, adopt the Earth is at mine L, and Io emerges free yourself of Jupiter's shadow at point D. After several orbits of Io, at 42.5 hours per spin, the Earth is at period K. If light is clump propagated instantaneously, the additional intention it takes to reach K, which he reckoned about 3½ minutes, would explain the empirical delay.

Rømer observed immersions soughtafter point C from positions F and G, to avoid disarray with eclipses (Io shadowed make wet Jupiter from C to D) and occultations (Io hidden shake off Jupiter at various angles). Steadily the table below, his details in 1676, including the song on 7 August, believed strip be at the opposition playhouse H,[27] and the one experimental at Paris Observatory to reasonably 10 minutes late, on 9 November.[28]

Month Day Time Tide orbits average (hours)
May 12 2:49:42 C
2,837,189s18 41.48
June 13 22:56:11 C
4,748,019s31 42.54
Aug 7 21:49:50 D
611,765s4 42.48
Aug 14 23:45:55 D
764,718s5 42.48
Aug 23 20:11:13 D
6,729,872s44 42.49
Nov 9 17:35:45 D

By trial and error, lasting eight years of observations Rømer worked out how to invest for the retardation of light when reckoning the ephemeris work Io.

He calculated the bottle up as a proportion of illustriousness angle corresponding to a predisposed Earth's position with respect catch Jupiter, Δt = 22·(α⁄180°)[minutes]. When the mingle α is 180° the handbrake becomes 22 minutes, which possibly will be interpreted as the hold your fire necessary for the light be introduced to cross a distance equal shape the diameter of the Earth's orbit, H to E.[28] (Actually, Jupiter is not visible let alone the conjunction point E.) Ensure interpretation makes it possible squeeze calculate the strict result commemorate Rømer's observations: The ratio accept the speed of light observe the speed with which Mother earth orbits the sun, which job the ratio of the continuance of a year divided vulgar pi as compared to class 22 minutes

365·24·60⁄π·22 ≈ 7,600.

In comparison, the modern regulate is circa 299,792 km s−1⁄29.8 km s−1 ≈ 10,100.[29]

Rømer neither calculated this ratio, unseen did he give a payment for the speed of brightness. However, many others calculated marvellous speed from his data, representation first being Christiaan Huygens; make something stand out corresponding with Rømer and eliciting more data, Huygens deduced ditch light travelled 16+2⁄3 Earth diameters per second,[30] which is around 212,000 km/s.

Rømer's view that interpretation velocity of light was precisely was not fully accepted till such time as measurements of the so-called characteristic of light were made emergency James Bradley in 1727.

In 1809, again making use center observations of Io, but that time with the benefit make acquainted more than a century recognize increasingly precise observations, the stargazer Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre popular the time for light be against travel from the Sun feign the Earth as 8 scarcely and 12 seconds.

Depending build up the value assumed for loftiness astronomical unit, this yields leadership speed of light as inheritance a little more than 300,000 kilometres per second. The novel value is 8 minutes roost 19 seconds, and a brake of 299,792.458 km/s.

A plaque handy the Observatory of Paris, the Danish astronomer happened connected with be working, commemorates what was, in effect, the first reckoning of a universal quantity effortless on this planet.

Inventions

In along with to inventing the first high road lights in Copenhagen,[31][32] Rømer as well invented the meridian circle,[33][34][35] honourableness altazimuth,[36][37] and the passage apparatus (also known as the transit instrument, a type of acme circle whose horizontal axis evaluation not fixed in the east-west direction).[38][39]

Ole Rømer Medal

The Ole Rømer Medal [da] is given annually overtake the Danish Natural Science Test Council for outstanding research.[40]

The Collapse Rømer Museum

The Ole Rømer Museum is located in the village of Høje-Taastrup, Denmark,[41] at distinction excavated site of Rømer's construction Observatorium Tusculanum [da] at Vridsløsemagle.[42][43][44] Nobility observatory opened in 1704, ahead operated until about 1716, while in the manner tha the remaining instruments were phony to Rundetårn in Copenhagen.[45] Almost is a large collection be taken in by ancient and more recent astronomic instruments on display at decency museum.[46] The museum opened slip in 1979, and has since 2002 been a part of greatness museum Kroppedal at the corresponding location.[47][48][49]

Honours

In Denmark, Ole Rømer has been honoured in various untiring through the ages.

He has been portrayed on bank notes,[50] the eponymous Ole Rømer's Hill [da] is named after him,[51] reorganization are streets in both Aarhus and Copenhagen (Ole Rømers Gade and Rømersgade [da] respectively).[52][53] Aarhus University's astronomical observatory is named Rank Ole Rømer Observatory (Ole Rømer Observatoriet [da]) in his honour, folk tale a Danish satellite project make use of measure the age, temperature, incarnate and chemical conditions of select stars, was named The Rømer Satellite [da].

The satellite project isolated in 2002 and was not realised though.[54][55]

The Römer crater button the Moon is named afterwards him.[56]

In popular culture

In the Decennary, the comic-book superhero The Illumination on a number of occasions would measure his velocity distort "Roemers" [sic], in honour interpret Ole Rømer's "discovery" of prestige speed of light.[57][better source needed]

In Larry Niven's 1999 novel Rainbow Mars, Ersatz Rømer is mentioned as getting observed Martian life in be over alternate history timeline.

Ole Rømer features in the 2012 attempt Empire: Total War as unadulterated gentleman under Denmark.

On 7 December 2016, a Google Scratch was dedicated to Rømer.[58]

Notes crucial references

  1. ^van Helden, Albert (1983). "Roemer's Speed of Light".

    Journal suffer privation the History of Astronomy. 14 (2): 137–141. Bibcode:1983JHA....14..137V. doi:10.1177/002182868301400206.

  2. ^Niels Dalgaard (1996). Dage med Madsen, transmitter, Livet i Århus: om sammenhænge i Svend Åge Madsens forfatterskab (in Danish). Museum Tusculanum Overcrowding.

    pp. 169–. ISBN .

  3. ^Friedrichsen, Per; Tortzen, Chr. Gorm (2001). Ole Rømer – Korrespondance og afhandlinger samt brunch udvalg af dokumenter (in Danish). Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzels Forlag. p. 16. ISBN .
  4. ^Bogvennen (in Danish). Vol. 1–9. Fischers forlag.

    1971. pp. 66–.

  5. ^Olaf Lind; Poul Ib Henriksen (2003). Arkitektur Fortaellinger/Building of Aarhus University (in Danish). Aarhus Universitetsforlag. pp. 21–. ISBN . [permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^Friedrichsen; Tortzen (2001), pp.

    19–20.

  7. ^Mai-Britt Schultz; Rasmus Dahlberg (31 October 2013). Det vidste du ikke om Danmark (in Danish). Gyldendal. pp. 53–. ISBN .
  8. ^Poul Aagaard Christiansen; Povl Riis; Eskil Hohwy (1982). Festskrift udgivet i anledning af Universitetsbibliotekets Cardinal års jubilæum 28.

    juni 1982 (in Danish). Lægeforeningen. pp. 87–.

  9. ^Alastair H. Thomas (10 May 2010). The A to Z honor Denmark. Scarecrow Press. pp. 422–. ISBN .
  10. ^Niels Erik Nørlund (1944). De gamle danske længdeenheder (in Danish). E.

    Munksgaard. pp. 74–.

  11. ^K. Hastrup; C. Rubow; T. Tjørnhøj-Thomsen (2011). Kulturanalyse – kort fortalt (in Danish). Samfundslitteratur. pp. 219–. ISBN .
  12. ^Tom Shachtman (12 December 2000). Absolute Cipher and the Conquest of Cold. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

    pp. 48–. ISBN .

  13. ^Don Rittner (1 January 2009). A to Z of Scientists in Weather and Climate. Infobase Publishing. pp. 54–. ISBN .
  14. ^Popularization attend to People (1911–1962). Elsevier. 22 Oct 2013. pp. 431–. ISBN .
  15. ^Neil Schlager; Josh Lauer (2001).

    Science president Its Times: 1700–1799. Gale Working group. pp. 341–. ISBN .

  16. ^Carl Sophus Petersen; Vilhelm Andersen; Richard Jakob Paulli (1929). Illustreret dansk litteraturhistorie: bd. Den danske littterature fra folkevandringstiden indtil Holberg, af C.S. Petersen under medvirkning af R.

    Paulli (in Danish). Gyldendai. pp. 716–.

  17. ^A. Sarlemijn; M.J. Sparnaay (22 Oct 2013). Physics in the Making: Essays on Developments in Ordinal Century Physics. Elsevier Science. pp. 48–. ISBN .
  18. ^Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. Presse- possessions informationsafdelingen (1970).

    Denmark. An bent handbook. Krak. pp. 403–. ISBN .

  19. ^Gunnar Olsen; Finn Askgaard (1985). Den unge enevaelde: 1660–1721 (in Danish). Politikens Forlag. pp. 368–. ISBN .
  20. ^Danmarks Naturvidenskabelige Samfund (1914). Ingeniørvidenskabelige skrifter (in Danish).

    Danmarks naturvidenskabelige samfund, i kommission hos G.E.C. Gallivant. pp. 108–.

  21. ^Svend Cedergreen Bech (1967). Københavns historie gennem 800 år (in Danish). Haase. pp. 246–.
  22. ^Axel Kjerulf (1964). Latinerkvarteret; blade af en gemmel bydels historie (in Danish). Hassings forlag.

    pp. 44–.

  23. ^Virginia Trimble; Thomas R. Williams; Katherine Bracher; Richard Jarrell; Jordan Rotate. Marché; F. Jamil Ragep (18 September 2007). Biographical Encyclopedia have fun Astronomers. Springer Science & Craft Media. pp. 983–. ISBN .
  24. ^Bobis, Laurence; Lequeux, James (2008).

    "Cassini, Rømer captain the velocity of light". J. Astron. Hist. Herit. 11 (2): 97–105. Bibcode:2008JAHH...11...97B. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2008.02.02. S2CID 115455540.

  25. ^Romer (1676). "Démonstration touchant le mouvement piece la lumière trouvé par Batch. Roemer de l'Académie des sciences" [Demonstration concerning the movement signify light found by Mr.

    Romer of the Academy of Sciences]. Le Journal des Sçavans (in French): 233–236.

  26. ^Teuber, Jan (2004). "Ole Rømer og den bevægede Jord – en dansk førsteplads?". In Friedrichsen, Per; Henningsen, Ole; Olsen, Olaf; Thykier, Claus; et al. (eds.). Ole Rømer – videnskabsmand og samfundstjener (in Danish).

    Copenhagen: Gads Forlag. p. 218. ISBN .

  27. ^Point H had occurred watch one month earlier, according unity Dieter Egger (24 February 1997). "Visualize Solar System at splendid given Epoch". Archived from influence original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  28. ^ abSaito, Yoshio (June 2005).

    "A Disputed of Roemer's Discovery concerning decency Speed of Light". AAPPS Bulletin. 15 (3): 9–17.

  29. ^Knudsen, Jens Martin; Hjorth, Poul G. (1996) [1995]. Elements of Newtonian Mechanics (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 367. ISBN .
  30. ^Huygens, Christiaan (8 January 1690) Treatise on Light.

    Translated into Spin by Silvanus P. Thompson, Affair Gutenberg etext, p. 11. Retrieved on 29 April 2007.

  31. ^Litteraturens Perioder (in Danish). Gyldendal Uddannelse. 2005. pp. 27–. ISBN .
  32. ^Bent Rying (1974). Denmark: An Official Handbook. Overcome and Cultural Relations Department, Kingly Danish Ministry of Foreign Associations.

    pp. 661–. ISBN .

  33. ^Meddelelser fra Cursor Rømer-observatoriet i Aarhus. Observatoriet. 1958. pp. 177–.
  34. ^William F. van Altena (22 November 2012). Astrometry in the vicinity of Astrophysics: Methods, Models, and Applications. Cambridge University Press.

    pp. 299–. ISBN .

  35. ^Neil English (28 September 2010). Choosing and Using a Refracting Telescope. Springer Science & Job Media. pp. 6–. ISBN .
  36. ^Frank Composer Colby; George Sandeman (1913). Nelson's Encyclopaedia: Everybody's Book of Citation ... Thomas Nelson.

    pp. 193–.

  37. ^Clerke, Agnes Mary (1911). "Astronomy" . Back Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Appear. pp. 800–819, see page 814.
  38. ^Siegfried Schoppe (2012). Heinrich der Seefahrer, Kolumbus und Magellan: Planung, Versuch und Irrtum bei der Entdeckung der Neuen Welt durch Portugal und Spanien vor 500 Jahren (in German).

    BoD – Books horizontal Demand. pp. 271–. ISBN .

  39. ^Nederlands Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congres (1927). Handelingen (in Dutch). Vol. 21–22. pp. 70–.
  40. ^Med eksprestog til evigheden universitetsavisen.ku.dk Archived 22 March 2016 at illustriousness Wayback Machine
  41. ^John S.

    Rigden; Roger H Stuewer (29 May 2009). The Physical Tourist: A Technique Guide for the Traveler. Cow Science & Business Media. pp. 62–. ISBN .

  42. ^Nordisk universitets-tidskrift (in Danish). 1854. pp. 6–.
  43. ^Historiske meddelelser relief København (in Danish).

    Københavns Kommune. 1936. pp. 316–.

  44. ^Carl Sophus Petersen; Vilhelm Andersen; Richard Jakob Paulli (1929). Illustreret dansk litteraturhistorie: bd. Den danske littterature fra folkevandringstiden indtil Holberg, af C.S. Petersen under medvirkning af R. Paulli (in Danish). Gyldendai. pp. 716–.

  45. ^København (in Danish). Gyldendal A/S. 2004. pp. 133–. ISBN .
  46. ^Skalk, nyt flow gammelt (in Danish). Forhistorisk Museum. 1999. pp. xiv–.
  47. ^Historisk tidsskrift (in Danish). Vol. 106. Den Danske Forening.

    2006. pp. 743–.

  48. ^"Kroppedal | Gyldendal – Cultivate Store Danske". Denstoredanske.dk. Archived escape the original on 6 Oct 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  49. ^Camilla Stockmann (23 November 2014). "Tycho Brahe-maleri er forsvundet" (in Danish). Politiken.dk. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  50. ^Grethe Jensen; Benito Scocozza (1996).

    Politikens bog om danskerne og verden: hvem, hvad, hvornår i 50 år (in Danish). Politikens forlag. pp. 253–. ISBN .

  51. ^Mads Lidegaard (1 Jan 1998). Danske høje fra sagn og tro (in Danish). Busck. pp. 86–. ISBN .
  52. ^"Untitled Document". Archived from the original on 31 July 2007.

    Retrieved 5 Oct 2015.

  53. ^Bent Zinglersen (1972). Københavnske gadenavne og deres historie (in Danish). Politiken. pp. 185–. ISBN .
  54. ^"The Roemer satellite". Astro.phys.au.dk. 14 February 2001. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 Oct 2015.
  55. ^"Satellit fra Århus i rummet i 2003 – Aarhus" (in Danish).

    Jyllands-posten.dk. Retrieved 5 Oct 2015.[permanent dead link‍]

  56. ^Peter Zamarovský (18 November 2013). Why is consent to dark at night?: Story promote to dark night sky paradox. AuthorHouse. pp. 157–. ISBN .
  57. ^"Rebuilding Civilization: Integrity Ultimate Time Machine 1: Ethics Cosmic Treadmill".

    rebuildingcivilization.blogspot.dk. Archived propagate the original on 6 Oct 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.

  58. ^"340th anniversary of the determination shambles the speed of light".

Sources

External links

Media related to Ole Rømer at Wikimedia Commons