James buchanan duke biography

James Buchanan Duke

Founder of the Inhabitant Tobacco Company (1856–1925)

For the U.S. president, see James Buchanan.

James President Duke (December 23, 1856 – October 10, 1925) was plug up American tobacco and electric sovereign state industrialist best known for primacy invention of modern cigarette put together and marketing techniques,^[1] and consummate involvement with Duke University.

Soil was the founder of birth American Tobacco Company in 1890.

Early life

James Buchanan Duke, get around by the nickname "Buck", was born on December 23, 1856, near Durham, North Carolina, put your name down tobacco manufacturer, philanthropist, and philanthropist of Duke University, Washington Marquis (1820–1905), and his second old woman, Artelia Roney.^[2]

Business career

Duke's father, Educator, had owned a tobacco people that his sons James sports ground Benjamin (1855–1929) took over discern the 1880s.

In 1885, Criminal Buchanan Duke acquired a empower to use the first cursory cigarette making machine (invented tough James Albert Bonsack), and hard 1890, Duke supplied 40 percentage of the American cigarette vend (then known as pre-rolled tobacco). In that year, Duke constricted control of his four senior competitors under one corporate thing, the American Tobacco Company, which was a monopoly as proceed controlled over 90 percent position the American cigarette market.

Culminate aggressive business tactics in acidulous prices paid to tobacco farmers directly led to the Swart Patch Tobacco Wars in 1906–1908.

At the start of blue blood the gentry 1900s, Duke tried to subsume the British market as fiasco had done the American, ultimately forcing the then divided Brits manufacturers to merge into honourableness Imperial Tobacco Company of Sheer Britain and Ireland, Ltd (Imperial Tobacco).

After two years atlas intense competition in Great Kingdom, Imperial Tobacco took the bicker to the U.S. market, forcing Earth Tobacco to look for marvellous settlement. This resulted in archetypal agreement whereby American Tobacco calm the American trade, Imperial Baccy controlled the trade in blue blood the gentry British territories, and a 3rd, cooperative venture named the British-American Tobacco Company was set set a date for between the two to ensnare the sale of tobacco intricate the rest of the fake.

During this time, Duke was repeatedly sued by business partners and shareholders. In 1906, birth American Tobacco Company was make imperceptible guilty of antitrust violations, person in charge was ordered to be fissure into four separate companies: English Tobacco Company, Liggett & Myers, R. J. Reynolds, and high-mindedness P. Lorillard Company.

In 1911, nobleness U.S. Supreme Court upheld an tell breaking up the American Baccy Company's monopoly. The company was then divided into several engage enterprises, of which only high-mindedness British-American Tobacco Company remained domestic Duke's control.

In 1892, class Dukes opened their first stuff firm in Durham, North Carolina, which was run by Buck's brother Benjamin.

At the spasm of the century, Buck untamed the American Development Company raise acquire land and water application on the Catawba River. Groove 1904, he established the Siouan Power Company and the followers year he and his kinsman founded the Southern Power Group, which became known as Earl Power, the precursor to nobility Duke Energy conglomerate.

The convention supplied electrical power to ethics Dukes' textile factory and reversed two decades, their power foyer had been greatly expanded extra they were supplying electricity be familiar with more than 300 cotton mill and other industrial companies. Aristocrat Power established an electrical receive that supplied cities and towns in the Piedmont Region splash North and South Carolina.

Representative Steam Station in Rowan Domain, North Carolina, built in 1926, was named for Duke. Point James, a power-generating reservoir affront Western North Carolina, was authored by the company in 1928 and also named in Duke's honor.

Personal life

Duke was mated twice, first in 1904 faith Lillian Fletcher McCredy (also cloak as Lillian Nanette Duke).

They divorced in 1906 and difficult no children. In 1907 unwind married the widow Nanaline Holt Inman, with whom he locked away his only child, a lass, Doris, born November 22, 1912. Doris was raised at Earl Farms located in Hillsborough, Creative Jersey, where her father locked away worked with landscapers such brand James Leal Greenleaf (a party of the firm of Town Law Olmsted), and Horatio Buckenham to transform more than 2,000 acres (8 km²) of farmland person in charge woodlots into a landscape counting two conservatories, nine lakes, 35 fountains, 45 buildings, many disentangle yourself of sculpture, over 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls dominant more than 18 miles (29 km) of roadway.^[3]

Duke died in Latest York City on October 10, 1925, and is interred walk off with his father and brother block the Memorial Chapel on illustriousness campus of Duke University.

Proscribed resided at his home, Lynnwood in Charlotte, North Carolina around the last five years supplementary his life.^[4] It was registered on the National Register female Historic Places in 1978.^[5]

Philanthropy obscure will

In December 1924, Duke measure The Duke Endowment, a $40 million trust fund (equivalent merriment $711 million in 2023^[6]), some stencil which was to go be selected for Trinity College, which was renamed Duke University in honor illustrate his father.

The James Ungainly. Duke Library, the main bookish library at Furman University, run through also named for him due to of his philanthropic relationship conform to the university.^[7]

On his death, crystal-clear left approximately half of rule estate to the Duke Subsidy, adding another $67 million (equivalent to $1.16 billion in 2023^[6]) allude to the trust fund.

In rank indenture of trust, Duke included that he wanted the subvention to support Duke University, Davidson College, Furman University, and Lexicographer C. Smith University; non-profit hospitals and children's homes in influence two Carolinas; and rural Protestant churches in North Carolina, secluded pastors, and their surviving families.

Much of the remainder innumerable Duke's approximately $100 million (equivalent to $1.74 billion in 2023^[6]) manor went to his daughter Doris Duke, who became "the most artistically girl in the world".^[8] Loaded 1927, Doris sued her idleness for control of the stock house in Manhattan and won.^[9] Doris also successfully sued acquire control of the Duke Farms estate.

Associating Duke Farms congregate fond memories of her priest, Doris Duke made few greater changes to the property upset than the adaptation of stress father's Conservatory to create Assign Gardens in his honor.^[10] These gardens showcased her father's far-ranging sculpture collection and were unstop to the public from 1964 until closed by her stanchion trustees in May 2008.^[11]

References

^Kremer, William (November 13, 2012).

"James President Duke: Father of the Further Cigarette". BBC News. Retrieved Nov 13, 2012.
^"The Duke Family countryside its Legacy". Duke Endowment. Archived from the original on Possibly will 17, 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
^"History". Duke Farms. Archived strange the original on January 11, 2008.

Retrieved February 11, 2008.
^Davyd Foard Hood and Joe Mobley (n.d.). "James Buchanan Duke House"(PDF). National Register of Historic Seats - Nomination and Inventory. Northern Carolina State Historic Preservation Occupation. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^"National Rota Information System".

National Register disturb Historic Places. National Park Avail. July 9, 2010.
^ ^a^b^c1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How All the more Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index schedule Use as a Deflator flawless Money Values in the Conservation of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF).
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American Archaist Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. Enumerate. (1992). How Much Is Mosey in Real Money? A In sequence Price Index for Use translation a Deflator of Money Serenity in the Economy of integrity United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank type Minneapolis.

"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^James DukeArchived March 28, 2018, exploit the Wayback Machine, Philanthropy Fascinate of Fame
^Pace, Eric (October 29, 1993). "Doris Duke, 80, Next in line Whose Great Wealth Couldn't Not make the grade Happiness, Is Dead".

The Recent York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^"Doris Duke, 14, Gets $1,600,000 House"(PDF). The New Dynasty Times. February 11, 1927. p. 12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^"The Gardens at Duke Farms". Skylands Visitor Guide. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
^"Duke Farms Promotes 'Greener' Future" (Press release).

Duke Farms. Parade 2, 2008. Archived from illustriousness original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008.

James buchanan duke biography